Analysis of tetramisole metabolites - Is "Aminorex" found in forensic samples of cocaine users actually 4-phenyl-2-imidazolidinone?

Phenyltetrahydroimidazothiazole (PTHIT, tetramisole) is a common adulterant in cocaine samples. Little is known about its human metabolism. p-hydroxy-PTHIT has long been the only proven phase-I-metabolite. Another putative metabolite is the stimulant aminorex. However, data on its analytical proof is rare and contradictory. Even less known is its constitutional isomer 4-phenyl-2-imidazolidinone which has only been proven in animal samples so far. The aim of the study was to get insight into the metabolism of PTHIT after controlled nasal uptake of PTHIT and in real forensic cocaine/benzoylecgonine-positive samples. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated for quantification of 4-phenyl-2-imidazolidinone and p-hydroxy-PTHIT (LOQ 0.05 ng/ml each). Selectivity was ensured for 4-phenyl-2-imidazolidinone and aminorex (LOD 0.05 ng/ml). After controlled nasal uptake of tetramisole (10 mg, n = 3) a shorter half-life for p-hydroxy-PTHIT (3.4-5.8 h) was determined than for 4-phenyl-2-imidazolidinone (14.0-15.9 h). p-hydroxy-PTHIT (33%) and 4-phenyl-2-imidazolidinone (51%) were also detected in serum samples from cocaine users tested previously positive for PTHIT (n = 73). Aminorex was never detected. The potential of misinterpreting 4-phenyl-2-imidazolidinone as aminorex was tested using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method used in the literature and an in-house liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF) screening-method. Using GC-MS the analysed bis-trimethylsilyl-derivatives cannot be differentiated due to co-elution. Both substances were chromatographically separated using the LC-QTOF method, but library comparison workflows misinterpreted 4-phenyl-2-imidazolidinone as aminorex. It seems likely that aminorex, which was allegedly identified as a metabolite of PTHIT in samples of cocaine users in previous studies, is in fact 4-phenyl-2-imidazolidinone.

Manipulation of THC Hair Concentrations by Commercially Available Products.

Many drug tests are carried out by means of hair analysis. The aim of the present study was to clarify if and to what extent it is possible to manipulate the results of hair analyses on tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by using various commercially available everyday products and products advertised on the internet to be able to reduce the concentrations of drugs in hair. Fifty-four THC-positive hair samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; they were analyzed untreated or treated with Vodka Gorbatschow® (n = 19), Seborin® hair tonic (n = 11), Zydot® shampoo (n = 6), Desderman® disinfectant (n = 11) and Head and Shoulders® shampoo (n = 7). A mean reduction of 52% (Zydot® shampoo) to 65% (Desderman®) was shown. Hair treatments could not be detected visually. Hair concentrations could also be decreased to non-detectability by using these everyday hair care products. Therefore, it is recommended to complement abstinence controls using hair samples by urine analysis and to not over-interpret quantitative results of THC concentrations in hair.

Chiral pharmacokinetics of tetramisole stereoisomers-Enantioselective quantification of levamisole and dexamisole in serum samples from users of adulterated cocaine.

Phenyltetrahydroimidazothiazole (PTHIT, tetramisole) is the most frequently used adulterant of cocaine and exists in the two enantiomeric forms levamsiole (S) and dexamisole (R). Existing studies show diverse fractions of samples containing enantiopure levamsiole, levamisole-enriched mixtures, and racemic tetramisole as adulterant. However, blood samples have never been enantioselectively tested for PTHIT. Because enantiomers are usually metabolized stereoselectively, chiral analysis of blood samples can help estimate the time of drug use, provided that a racemic substance is ingested. Therefore, an enantioselective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed using a chiral column. Validation of the method was carried out for methanolic substance samples as well as serum samples and showed satisfactory selectivity, sensitivity, linearity (0.05-100 ng/mL), precision, and accuracy; 151 cocaine samples seized in Germany between 2018 and 2021 were analyzed. Most (94%, n = 48) of the 51 PTHIT-positive samples contained racemic tetramsiole, whereas there were two samples containing levamisole-enriched mixtures and one sample containing nearly enantiopure levamisole. Furthermore, 157 cocaine and/or benzoylecgonine-positive forensic serum samples were tested with cocaine-positive samples showing the highest frequency of PTHIT detection (43%). All positive samples contained either dexamisole alone or (R)/(S)-concentration ratios >1 (1.05-70.6). Finally, a self-administration study was conducted with three subjects taking 10 mg of racemic tetramisole each. Although peak concentrations and corresponding times did not differ significantly between the enantiomers, dexamisole showed significantly longer apparent elimination half-lives (7.02-10.0 h) than levamisole (2.87-4.77 h). The resulting steadily increasing (R)/(S)-ratios can therefore be helpful in estimating the time of cocaine consumption.

Quantification of Antibiotics in Patient Samples: State of the Art in Standardization and Proficiency Testing.

BACKGROUND: For many antibiotics, the convenient one-fits-all dosing regimen had to be abandoned. Owing to highly variable pharmacokinetics, therapeutic drug monitoring has become an indispensable prerequisite. It is based on a suitable measuring method, sample materials, and standardization. Appropriate quality control including external quality assessment (EQA) is essential. For many antibiotics, EQAs have been established for many decades, whereas others have only lately been introduced. This article gives an insight into the state of the art regarding the therapeutic drug monitoring of antibiotics regarding standardization, EQAs, and reference measurement procedures (RMPs). METHODS: An overview of the currently available international EQA schemes for antibiotics and a literature overview of available RMPs are given. EQAs including gentamicin and vancomycin have been offered by German providers for more than 25 years. The period 2000-2020 was selected for a detailed analysis. The experiences with a new EQA including linezolid, meropenem, and piperacillin are described. RESULTS: EQAs for gentamicin and vancomycin are provided in many countries. Those for linezolid, meropenem, and piperacillin do not seem to be very common. Most of the antibiotics monitored for decades are measured by commercially available assays. EQAs for linezolid, meropenem, and piperacillin introduced in 2018 were rapidly accepted in Germany. Methods reported in this study were HPLC based either with UV or mass spectrometric detection. The number of participants succeeding was comparable between UV and mass spectrometry. Candidate RMPs for gentamicin, vancomycin, and linezolid based on isotope dilution mass spectrometry were published. CONCLUSIONS: EQAs are offered regularly for many antibiotics worldwide. The results of EQAs in Germany generally compare well, but there is potential for improvement. Both immunoassays and HPLC-based methods work properly in EQAs evaluated in Germany. From a quality control perspective, fast and inexpensive methods may be selected without endangering the patient's health based on clinical needs.

Comparative Study: Postmortem Long-Term Stability of Endogenous GHB in Cardiac Blood, Femoral Blood, Vitreous Humor, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Urine with and without Sodium Fluoride Stabilization.

The interpretation of postmortem γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) concentrations is challenging due to endogenous existence and postmortem GHB production in body tissues and fluids. As an additional complication, formation of GHB was also described in stored postmortem samples. We examined cardiac blood, femoral blood, vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid and urine of eight different corpses (male/female 5/3, aged 33-92 years, postmortem interval 1-6 days) where no intake of GHB or one of its precursors was assumed. All samples were collected during autopsy and divided into two aliquots. To one of the aliquots, sodium fluoride (NaF, 1% w/v) was added. Both aliquots were vortexed, further divided into seven aliquots and stored at -20°C. GHB concentrations were measured immediately and subsequently 1 day, 7 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, after sample collection using trimethylsilyl derivatization and gas chromatography, coupled to single quadrupole mass spectrometry. Similar progression curves of GHB concentrations were obtained for the different matrices in the individual corpses. Femoral and cardiac blood GHB concentrations were always found to be higher than in vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine irrespective of stabilization and storage time. None of the obtained GHB concentrations exceed the cutoff values for postmortem matrices commonly used for the identification of an exogenous GHB intake (urine, venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid: 30 mg/L, cardiac blood and vitreous humor 50 mg/L). No significant differences were found for the GHB concentrations measured immediately and 6 months after autopsy. However, we found a significant increase for the GHB concentrations 4 weeks as well as 3 months after sample collection, which was followed by a decrease nearly to initial values. There were no significant differences between samples with and without NaF addition. The data presented are useful for the interpretation of GHB concentrations in upcoming death cases, with special attention to storage conditions and different postmortem matrices.

Determination of the enantiomeric composition of amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) in seized street drug samples from southern Germany.

Amphetamine (speed), methamphetamine (crystal meth), and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) represent the most frequently abused amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). Differences in pharmacological potency and metabolism have been shown for the enantiomers of all three stimulants. Legal consequences in cases of drug possession may also differ according to the German law depending on the enantiomeric composition of the seized drug. Therefore, enantioselective monitoring of seized specimens is crucial for legal and forensic casework. Various kinds of samples of amphetamine (n = 143), MDMA (n = 94), and methamphetamine (n = 528) that were seized in southern Germany in 2019 and 2020 were analyzed for their chiral composition using different chromatographic methods. Whereas all samples of amphetamine and MDMA were racemic mixtures, the chiral composition of the methamphetamine specimens was diverse. Although the vast majority (n = 502) was present as (S)-methamphetamine, also specimens containing pure (R)-methamphetamine (n = 7) were found. Furthermore, few samples (n = 8) were of racemic nature or contained non-racemic mixtures of both enantiomers (n = 10). Because methamphetamine appears in varying enantiomeric compositions, any seizure should be analyzed using an enantioselective method. Amphetamine and MDMA, on the other hand, currently appear to be synthesized exclusively via racemic pathways and are not chirally purified. Nevertheless, regular monitoring of the chiral composition should be ensured.

Sensitive Screening of New Psychoactive Substances in Serum Using Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

Analysis of new psychoactive substances (NPS) still poses a challenge for many institutions due to the number of available substances and the constantly changing drug market. Both new and well-known substances keep appearing and disappearing on the market, making it hard to adapt analytical methods in a timely manner. In this study we developed a qualitative screening approach for serum samples by means of liquid chromatography--quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Samples were measured in data-dependent auto tandem mass spectrometry mode and identified by fragment spectra comparison, retention time and accurate mass. Approximately 500 NPS, including 195 synthetic cannabinoids, 180 stimulants, 86 hallucinogens, 26 benzodiazepines and 7 others were investigated. Serum samples were fortified to 1 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL concentrations to estimate approximate limits of identification (LOIs). Samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction with non-endcapped C18 material and elution in two consecutive steps. Benzodiazepines were eluted in the first step, while substances of other NPS subclasses were distributed among both extracts. To determine LOIs, both extracts were combined. Ninety-six percent (470/492) of investigated NPS were detected in 10 ng/mL samples and 88% (432/492) were detected in 1 ng/mL samples. Stimulants stood out with higher LOIs, possibly due to instability of certain methcathinone derivatives. However, considering relevant blood concentrations, the method provided sufficient sensitivity for stimulants as well as other NPS subclasses. Data-dependent acquisition was proven to provide high sensitivity and reliability when combined with an information-dependent preferred list, without losing its untargeted operation principle. Summarizing, the developed method fulfilled its purpose as a sensitive untargeted screening for serum samples and allows uncomplicated expansion of the spectral library to include thousands of targets.

Elevated serum levels of methylglyoxal are associated with impaired liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a highly reactive dicarbonyl species that forms advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The binding of these AGEs to their receptor (RAGE) causes and sustains severe inflammation. Systemic inflammation is postulated to be a major driver in the progression of liver cirrhosis. However, the role of circulating MGO levels in liver cirrhosis remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the serum levels of two dicarbonyl species, MGO and glyoxal (GO) using tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and evaluated their association with disease severity. A total of 51 inpatients and outpatients with liver cirrhosis of mixed etiology and different disease stages were included. Elevated MGO levels were seen in an advanced stage of liver cirrhosis (p < 0.001). High MGO levels remained independently associated with impaired liver function, as assessed by the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) (ß = 0.448, p = 0.002) and acute decompensation (AD) (ß = 0.345, p = 0.005) scores. Furthermore, MGO was positively correlated with markers of systemic inflammation (IL-6, p = 0.004) and the development of ascites (p = 0.013). In contrast, no changes were seen in GO serum levels. Circulating levels of MGO are elevated in advanced stages of liver cirrhosis and are associated with impaired liver function and liver-related parameters.

Enantioselective Quantification of Amphetamine and Metabolites in Serum Samples: Forensic Evaluation and Estimation of Consumption Time.

In forensic toxicology, amphetamine intoxications represent one of the most common case groups and present difficult questions for toxicologists. Estimating the time of consumption and the current influence of the stimulant is particularly difficult when only total amphetamine concentrations are considered. Stereoselective analysis and the consideration of metabolites can provide valuable information to facilitate interpretation. An enantioselective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for detection of amphetamine, norephedrine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine was developed. Validation showed satisfactory selectivity, sensitivity, linearity (0.5-250 ng/mL), precision and accuracy for all enantiomers. The method was applied to a collective of 425 forensic serum samples and 30 serum samples from psychiatric inpatients stating their last time of amphetamine consumption. Norephedrine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine were detected more frequently at higher amphetamine concentrations and at lower amphetamine (R)/(S) concentration ratios, possibly indicating recent consumption. Mean (R)/(S) ratio of amphetamine was 1.14, whereas higher ratios (mean 1.36) were found for amphetamine concentrations below 100 ng/mL. The (R)/(S) ratios of psychiatric inpatients significantly correlated with the reported time intervals to last consumption. The use of amphetamine (R)/(S) ratios and the simultaneous detection of metabolites are promising factors that can facilitate estimation of consumption time and current impairment.

Enantioselective determination of plasma protein binding of common amphetamine-type stimulants.

Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) like amphetamine ('speed'), methamphetamine ('crystal meth') and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') represent some of the most frequently abused drugs worldwide. Another less frequently abused ATS is 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA). The enantiomers of these four compounds exhibit different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. According to the free drug theory, the pharmacological properties of a substance are dependent on its plasma protein binding (PPB). However, data on PPB of stimulant enantiomers in humans are rare or non-existent. Human plasma samples were spiked with racemic mixtures of the stimulants and subjected to ultrafiltration to extract the unbound fraction. Enantioselective liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods were applied using a chiral Phenomenex® Lux3 µm AMP column. Method validation showed satisfactory selectivity, linearity (0.5 250 ng/mL), accuracy and precision. Enantiomers were quantified before and after ultracentrifugation to determine PPB. For all analytes, low to medium plasma protein binding was found. For (R)-amphetamine a slightly but significantly higher PPB was found compared to the (S)-enantiomer (31.7 % vs 29.0 %). (R)-MDMA also showed only slightly but significantly significantly higher PPB than (S)-MDMA, although the mean difference was negligible (21.6 % vs 21.3 %). For the enantiomers of methamphetamine and 4-FA, no significant differences in PPB were found. In summary, there were no or only minor differences in PBB for the enantiomers of all investigated compounds. The different pharmacological properties of the stimulant enantiomers can therefore not be explained by differences in PPB.

Follow up: palmitic acid ester of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and palmitic acid diester of 11-hydroxy-THC - unsuccessful search for additional THC metabolites.

OBJECTIVES: In a previous investigation we searched for the occurrence of palmitic acid ester compounds of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its primary metabolite 11-hydroxy-delta9-THC (11-OH-THC) in human body fluids and tissues (THC palmitic acid monoester [THC-Pal] and 11-OH-THC palmitic acid diester [11-OH-THC-DiPal]). As those esters could not be detected in various human body fluids (e.g. blood) or tissues (e.g. adipose tissue) we extended the investigation analyzing adipose tissue samples of mice previously given synthetic THC or a cannabis extract. METHODS: In total, 48 adipose tissue samples previously tested positive for THC by means of a liquid chromatographic triple quadrupole mass spectrometric (LC-QQQ-MS) method were analyzed for the presence of THC-Pal and 11-OH-THC-DiPal by means of LC-QQQ-MS. RESULTS: THC-Pal and 11-OH-THC-DiPal were not detected among the adipose tissue samples analyzed despite the presence of high THC concentrations within the adipose tissue. THC concentrations in adipose tissue were in a range of approximately 7-2,595 ng/g (median: 468 ng/g, average: 704 ng/g). CONCLUSIONS: A (site-specific) synthesis of 11-OH-THC palmitic acid monoesters (11-hydroxy-delta9-THC-1-palmitate and 11-palmitoyloxy-delta9-THC) still remains to be done. After synthesis of these monoesters, their presence in the body fluids and tissues after THC administration should be investigated.

Levels of GHB in hair after regular application.

Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a central nervous system depressant that is an approved drug for the treatment of narcolepsy with cataplexy and other syndromes. Due to its dose dependent stimulating, relaxing or sedative effects, illicit abuses include recreational use by young people and cases of drug-facilitated crime (DFC). Since GHB is also produced endogenously, for forensic questions, it is important to be able to differentiate between endogenous GHB and elevated levels due to additional intake. In this study, we measured GHB concentrations in hair of patients with narcolepsy receiving daily GHB treatment. The results were compared to endogenous concentrations and concentrations after chronic intake presented in several former studies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a regular intake of a known dosage of GHB leads to elevated levels of GHB concentration in hair. We collected hair samples of 19 patients (14 female, 5 male) with narcolepsy under regular GHB treatment and examined the hair samples segmentally by digestion of the hair followed by liquid-liquid extraction and analysis using a Shimadzu LC20 UFLC system coupled with an AB Sciex API 4000 Qtrap tandem mass spectrometer. All volunteers received daily treatment with different doses of sodium oxybate (sodium salt of GHB) ranging between 3 and 9g per night. The observed mean value of GHB concentration in hair was 2.69ng GHB per mg hair for the 5 male participants, 1.56ng/mg for the 14 female participants giving an overall mean value of 1.86ng/mg for all participants. Our results showed no correlation between the daily dose or the duration intake of GHB and the measured concentration of GHB in hair. Although we did find a significant (p<0.01) difference between published endogenous levels of GHB in hair and GHB levels in hair of patients with regular daily GHB intake, the forensic relevance however is disputable. We hypothesise this narrow margin or even overlap to be the reason why analytical results from hair analysis in some cases fail to provide a reliable prove of a single exposition.

Identification of Potential Distinguishing Markers for the Use of Cannabis-Based Medicines or Street Cannabis in Serum Samples.

Increasing prescription numbers of cannabis-based medicines raise the question of whether uptake of these medicines can be distinguished from recreational cannabis use. In this pilot study, serum cannabinoid profiles after use of cannabis-based medicines were investigated, in order to identify potential distinguishing markers. Serum samples after use of Sativex®, Dronabinol or medical cannabis were collected and analyzed for 18 different cannabinoids, using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Analytes included delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabichromene, cannabicyclol, tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabidivarin, tetrahydocannabinolic acid A, cannabidiolic acid, cannabinolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, cannabichromenic acid, cannabicyclolic acid, tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid and cannabidivarinic acid. Cannabinoid profiles of study samples were compared to profiles of street cannabis user samples via principal component analysis and Kruskal-Wallis test. Potential distinguishing markers for Dronabinol and Sativex® intake were identified, including 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol/delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ratios ≥1 and increased concentrations of 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol or cannabichromene. Larger quantities of minor cannabinoids suggested use of cannabis. Use of medical and street cannabis could not be distinguished, except for use of a cannabidiol-rich strain with higher cannabidiol/delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabichromene/delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ratios. Findings of the study were used to classify forensic serum samples with self-reported use of cannabis-based medicines.

Detectability of cannabinoids in the serum samples of cannabis users: Indicators of recent cannabis use? A follow-up study.

Forensic toxicologists are frequently required to predict the time of last cannabis consumption. Several studies suggested the utility of minor cannabinoids as indicators of recent cannabis use. Because several factors influence blood cannabinoid concentrations, the interpretation of serum cannabinoid concentrations remains challenging. To assess the informative value of serum cannabinoid levels in cannabis users (in total N = 117 patients, including 56 patients who stated an exact time of last cannabis use within 24 h before blood sampling), the detectability of cannabinoids, namely, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-THC, cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidivarin, tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabigerol (CBG), cannabicyclol, delta-8-THC, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A, cannabichromenic acid, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid, cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THCV (THCVCOOH), and 11-nor-CBN-9-COOH, was investigated. Excluding CBDA and CBLA, all investigated cannabinoids were detected in at least one analyzed sample. The interval between cannabis consumption and sample collection (reported by the patients) was not correlated with cannabinoid concentrations. Minor cannabinoids tended to be more easily detected in samples obtained shortly after consumption. However, some samples tested positive for minor cannabinoids despite an interval of several hours or even days between consumption and sampling (according to patients' statements). For instance, CBC, CBG, THCVCOOH, CBD, and CBN in certain cases could be detected more than 24 h after the last consumption of cannabis. Thus, findings of minor cannabinoids should always be interpreted with caution.

Detection of γ-hydroxybutyric acid-related acids in blood plasma and urine: Extending the detection window of an exogenous γ-hydroxybutyric acid intake?

In crimes facilitated by γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) administration, the frequent occurrence of anterograde amnesia of the victims as well as the short detection window and variations of endogenous GHB concentrations complicate obtaining analytical proof of GHB administration. Because elevated endogenous organic acid concentrations have been found in the urine of patients with succinic semialdehyde deficiency (leading to accumulation of GHB in human specimens) and after GHB ingestion, we searched for an alternative way to prove GHB administration via detection of elevated organic acid concentrations in blood plasma and urine. We collected blood and urine samples from narcolepsy patients (n = 5) treated with pharmaceuticals containing GHB sodium salt (1.86-3.72 g GHB as free acid per dose). Although GHB was detectable only up to 4 h in concentrations greater than the commonly used cutoff levels in blood plasma, 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid (3,4-DHB) could be detected up to 12 h in blood plasma in concentrations exceeding initial concentrations of the same patient before GHB ingestion. Furthermore, four of the five patients showed an increase above endogenous levels described in the scientific literature. In urine, GHB concentrations above commonly used cutoff levels could be observed 4.5-9.5 h after GHB intake. Creatinine standardized initial concentrations were reached again for glycolic acid (GA), 3,4-DHB, and 2,4-dihydroxybutyric (2,4-DHB) acid at 6.5-22, 11.5-22, and 8.5-70 h after GHB intake, respectively. Therefore, 2,4-DHB, 3,4-DHB, and GA are promising and should be further investigated as potential biomarkers to prolong the detection window of GHB intake.

GHB related acids are useful in routine casework of suspected GHB intoxication cases.

GHB related acids (3,4-dihydroxy butyric acid, 2,4-dihydroxy butyric acid and glycolic acid) are produced through oxidative GHB metabolism. These analytes could be potential biomarkers to ensure the diagnosis of a GHB intoxication and even prolong the detection window. Within this study, forensic routine cases were measured to consider the potential of additional gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis on these acids. 17 GHB positive real cases (10 serum samples and 7 urine samples) and 40 cases with suspicion of drugging in DFC cases and negative GHB results (21 serum samples and 19 urine samples) were evaluated. Increased GHB related acid concentrations were detected in all serum and most urine samples positive on GHB. In some GHB negative cases, especially in serum samples, concentrations of GHB related acids gave hints that GHB actually was taken. We recommend to use the following cut-offs for a more reliable interpretation of potential GHB intoxication cases: 3,4-OH-BA:>3 mg/L in serum and>50 mg/L in urine; 2,4-OH-BA:>2 mg/L in serum and>25 mg/L in urine; GA:>5 mg/L in serum and>400 mg/L in urine.

Sensitive screening of synthetic cannabinoids using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction.

Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids still poses a challenge for many institutions due to the number of available substances and the constantly changing drug market. Both new and well-known substances keep appearing and disappearing on the market, making it hard to adapt analytical methods in a timely manner. In this study, we developed a qualitative screening approach for synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites by means of liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Samples were measured in data-dependent auto-MS/MS mode and identified by fragment spectra, retention time and accurate mass. Two established solid phase extractions were compared using fortified serum and urine samples. Mixes of 199 synthetic cannabinoids and 110 metabolites were used in 1- and 10-ng/ml concentrations. Up to 93% of synthetic cannabinoids and 74% of metabolites were detected in fortified 1-ng/ml samples. From February 2018 to October 2020, we analyzed 1492 cases, of which 73 cases were positive for synthetic cannabinoids or metabolites. 5F-MDMB-PICA, 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, and 4F-MDMB-BICA were most frequently detected. Hydrolysis metabolites were detected in many blood samples, providing a longer detection window. Quantification was conducted via liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry after liquid-liquid extraction. Concentrations were mostly close to 1 ng/ml in blood samples. LC-QTOF-MS was able to detect substances above trace quantities (< 0.1 ng/ml) in most cases, therefore fulfilling its purpose as a sensitive general screening approach. Expansion of the screening library was uncomplicated and enables future additions for up to thousands of targets.

Follow up: palmitic acid ester of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and palmitic acid diester of 11-hydroxy-THC - unsuccessful search for additional THC metabolites.

OBJECTIVES: In a previous investigation we searched for the occurrence of palmitic acid ester compounds of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its primary metabolite 11-hydroxy-delta9-THC (11-OH-THC) in human body fluids and tissues (THC palmitic acid monoester [THC-Pal] and 11-OH-THC palmitic acid diester [11-OH-THC-DiPal]). As those esters could not be detected in various human body fluids (e.g. blood) or tissues (e.g. adipose tissue) we extended the investigation analyzing adipose tissue samples of mice previously given synthetic THC or a cannabis extract. METHODS: In total, 48 adipose tissue samples previously tested positive for THC by means of a liquid chromatographic triple quadrupole mass spectrometric (LC-QQQ-MS) method were analyzed for the presence of THC-Pal and 11-OH-THC-DiPal by means of LC-QQQ-MS. RESULTS: THC-Pal and 11-OH-THC-DiPal were not detected among the adipose tissue samples analyzed despite the presence of high THC concentrations within the adipose tissue. THC concentrations in adipose tissue were in a range of approximately 7-2,595 ng/g (median: 468 ng/g, average: 704 ng/g). CONCLUSIONS: A (site-specific) synthesis of 11-OH-THC palmitic acid monoesters (11-hydroxy-delta9-THC-1-palmitate and 11-palmitoyloxy-delta9-THC) still remains to be done. After synthesis of these monoesters, their presence in the body fluids and tissues after THC administration should be investigated.

Chiral Serum Pharmacokinetics of 4-Fluoroamphetamine after Controlled Oral Administration: Can (R)/(S)-Concentration Ratios Help in Interpreting Forensic Cases?

Over the last two decades, misuse of 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) became an emerging issue in many European countries. Stimulating effects last for 4-6 hours and can impact psychomotor performance. The metabolism of amphetamine-type stimulants is stereoselective and quantification of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers has been suggested for assessing time of use. To date, no data on enantioselective pharmacokinetics is available for 4-FA in serum samples. An enantioselective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method was developed using a chiral Phenomenex® Lux 3 µm AMP column. Validation of the method showed satisfactory selectivity, sensitivity, linearity (0.5-250 ng/mL), precision and accuracy. Recreational stimulant users orally ingested two doses (100 mg, n = 12; 150 mg, n = 5) of 4-FA. Blood samples were drawn prior to application and over a period of 12 hours after ingestion and analyzed for 4-FA enantiomers. Peak concentrations and corresponding times did not differ significantly between the enantiomers (mean (R)/(S)-ratio at tmax 1.05, 0.85-1.16). With mean 12.9 (8.3-16.1) hours, apparent elimination half-lives (t1/2) were significantly (P < 0.01) longer for (R)-4-FA than for (S)-4-FA (6.0 hours; range 4.4-10.2 hours) and independent of the dose given. Over time, (R)/(S)-concentration-ratios were linearly increasing in all subjects to maximum ratios of 2.00 (1.08-2.77) in the last samples (after 12 hours). The slopes of the (R)/(S)-ratio exhibited marked interindividual differences (0.023-0.157 h-1, mean 0.095 h-1). Ratios higher than 1.60 only appeared earliest after a minimum of 6 hours and therefore suggest the absence of acute drug effects. Different elimination half-lives of enantiomers lead to constantly increasing (R)/(S)-concentration-ratios. Consequently, ratios of 4-FA enantiomers in serum are a promising indicator for assessment of the time of drug consumption.

Forensic application and evaluation of a commercially available pregabalin immunoassay test in serum on an Olympus AU480.

Misuse of pregabalin and its forensic relevance is steadily increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of the commercially available ARKTM Pregabalin II Assay (ARK Diagnostics) for serum analysis of forensic samples. Overall, 156 samples were tested by both the immunoassay and a validated liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method. Sensitivity was 100%, and specificity was 98.7% (n = 79 positive cases confirmed by LC-MS/MS in a range of 380-37,000 ng/mL). A good correlation (R2  = 0.73) could also be shown between quantitative immunoassay and LC-MS/MS results. In conclusion, the assay shows excellent reliability for screening of forensic serum samples.